The city of Cairo is one of the most culturally and civilizationally diverse cities, as it has witnessed many different historical eras throughout the ages, and there are many ancient and modern monuments. It has become an open museum that includes Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, Coptic, and Islamic antiquities. The history of the city dates back to the founding of the Pharaonic city of On or Heliopolis (currently Ain Shams), which is one of the oldest cities in the ancient world. As for Cairo in its current style, its establishment dates back to the Islamic conquest of Egypt at the hands of Amr ibn al-Aas in the year 641 AD and the establishment of the city of Fustat, then the Abbasids’ establishment of the military city, and Ahmed ibn Tulun’s construction of the city of al-Qata’i, and with the Fatimids entering Egypt coming from Africa (currently Tunisia), Commander Jawhar began Al-Saqilli built the new capital of the Fatimid state by order of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz li-Din Allah in the year 969 AD, and the Caliph named it “Cairo.” Cairo has been given many names - throughout the ages - the City of a Thousand Minarets, the Guarded Egypt, and the Cairo of Al-Muizz. During the Islamic era, Cairo witnessed the finest architecture, represented by the construction of castles, forts, walls, schools, and mosques, which gave it an aesthetic profile that is still present in its ancient neighborhoods until now.